![]() ![]() ![]() The old empires had provided a degree of stability, so many had trouble adjusting to life under a different rule, says Margaret MacMillan, professor of international history at Oxford University. “They tended to be historians, geographers and classically trained Oxford academics for example, who were not necessarily aware or mindful of creating a new economically integrated and viable European world," said Heffernan. The new nations welcomed their new independence, but Heffernan says experts who advised national delegations during the negotiations were not economists. It took about five years and several treaties to dismantle the three empires. ![]() The Austro-Hungarian Empire, this vast zone to the southern part of Europe, is divided up into a range of smaller states," said Heffernan. "Poland was reconstituted in the East the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia are established. Historians say many of the border changes - agreed upon after the war - were made for political rather than economic reasons, creating new problems whose impact can be felt even today.Īfter four years of carnage and more than 16 million dead soldiers and civilians, three empires that had lasted for centuries - Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman - gradually ceased to exist and many new nations emerged, says Mike Heffernan, professor of historical geography at the University of Nottingham. A century ago at the beginning of the First World War, the maps of Europe, Asia and Africa looked much different than they do today. ![]()
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